Aside from the masculine suffix -ec, which was above-mentioned of the Vidovic-Muha (), the study and identifies the Slovenian male suffix -ar
The initial the main paper is focused on the brand new derivation from female and you may masculine nouns to possess specialities in the English and you can Slovenian. The research shows that new dominant kind of women nouns when you look at the both dialects concerns derivation through affixation, if you are English also features compounding. Masculinatives is rare both in languages; he’s mostly molded with regards to specialities which have been usually sensed a portion of the feminine sphere. New suffix is not energetic but can nevertheless be seen in the definition of babicar (‘male midwife’). The most truly effective difference in the two languages would be the fact latest English seems to be leaving the usage gender-designated forms (apart from the new rare feminatives you to will always be), whereas inside Slovenian, due to the fact confirmed from the corpus data, the use of feminatives is rising. The cause of it asymmetry try grounded on the fact that English provides an almost low-existent grammatical gender system, and in most cases spends an identical terms to describe a beneficial person working in a certain career. Hence, when it comes to female referents the application of female nouns is starting to become preferred, because the the means to access masculine general models is found on the brand new decline.
Our very own corpus study shows that the differences ranging from male and you can female nouns having professions should be found of the exploring their collocators, semantic preferences, and you may semantic connectivity (Sinclair 1996 and you may Philip 2010).
Slovenian nouns denoting specialities has clear referents with regard to gender, in addition to their contemporary have fun with – evidenced from inside the corpora – shows a very clear interest with the agreement between grammatical and you will physical genders
The brand new collocators out-of English masculine and women nouns into checked specialities (actress/actor, policewoman/policeman from inside the waitress/waiter) implies that they display particular semantic surroundings: related procedures; places and you will land of the industry; individual names; conditions discussing the grade of what they do; therefore the normal procedures in the job. Specific particular associative definitions also are shown when we look at brand new collocators outlining individual faculties and appearance. The latest feminatives tend to co-are present which have phrases to have stereotypically women character traits and you can character (in addition to sexual
connotations). This really is according to Caldas-Coulthard and you can Moon (2010), just who establish for example asymmetries with stereotypes out-of gender, sexualization of women, as well as japanilainen morsiamet japanilainen with age and conduct.
Slovenian masculine/female sets for specialities reveal comparable conclusions. Off semantic taste, we could to see terms connected with normal strategies; typical places and you may landscape; associated professions; character traits; and appear. The corpus analysis and reveal some significant variations. Brand new sets out-of Slovenian male and female nouns writing on professions might be split into a couple of groups. The original one to constitutes sets which can be semantically similar and you will stylistically un), because pairs regarding the next category are subject to (a degree of) semantic narrowing and you may stylistic marking.
A prototype towards earliest category ‘s the couples zdravnica/zdravnik (‘female/men doctor’), all of that will co-can be found with expressions referring to the type of really works, typical tips and related professions. The feminine nouns such pairs are stylistically unmarked. A similar completion can be hit into pairs sodnica/sodnik (‘female/men judge’) and vzgojiteljica/vzgojitelj (‘female/male preschool teacher’), however with good caveat. The type of the two sodnica/sodnik convergence regarding areas regarding law and you will recreation; yet not, the information also reflect the fresh new social position of occupation – the initial positions (elizabeth.g., constitutional judges) remain mainly kepted for men. The pair vzgojiteljica/vzgojitelj can be described as good borderline circumstances between designated and you can unmarked definition. The latest corpus data suggest a level of semantic narrowing and you can stylistic marking: the meaning regarding “teacher for the a student dormitory” means guys, while the usage of adjectives (patient women and you will tight males) factors to gender stereotyping.